Adam Taylor

                                                                                                                                Per. 3 AP US History

                                                                                                                                7-15-04

                                                                                                                                Voc. Chapter. 1-2

Chapter 2 Voc.

1.        Radiocarbon dating-  Measuring the date of artifacts by measuring the amount of  C14 left from the original amount, but it is only good for about 50,000 years and it is not good when contaminated from salt water.

2.        Ice Age- The ice age is when the earth cools from moving its orbital around the sun further away from it then normal causing the earth to cool and causing the water to freeze. The last one was about 10,000 years ago.

3.        Glaciers- Large sheets of ice normally on mountains. These sheets of ice move extremely slowly as gravidity pulls it. On the way down they scrap and polish everything in its path.

4.        Beringia- The land bridge connecting Asia and North America circa 15,000 years ago. Named after the Russian explorer Vitus Bering.

5.        Nomads- People who don’t have a permanent settlement but wonder around. Like the Native Americas who followed their food and their homes where teepees allowing them to move easily and quickly.

6.        Agricultural Revolution- The revolution in which farming began and ending the nomadic lifestyle and made civilization thrive. This took place circa 9,000 to 10,000 years ago.

7.        Maize- Another word for corn.

8.        Civilization- A highly organized structured society that allowed skilled artisans, and systems to develop religion, language, art, government, culture, and currency.

9.        Olmec- The first civilization in the Americas. Located in Mesoamerica near Veracruz Mexico started around 1500-1200B.C. and lasted until 300 A.D.

10.     Maya- The civilization that grew on the Yutan Peninsula. Started circa 300 B.C. and lasted to 900A.D.

11.     Obsidian-  Volcanic glass that’s  was handy for weapons and tools due to its toughness and it was very expensive.

12.     Toltec- The civilization that built the city of Tula.

13.     Aztec- The civilization built the great city of Tenochtitlan in 1325. Lasted until the 1500s with five million people.

14.     Tenochtitlan- The capital city of the Aztec empire.

15.     Hohokam- These civilization, started in 300A.D.. Located in south-central Arizona and had great irrigation system.

16.     Anasazi- A civilization that started in 700 A.D. and they were located in the four corners. Their  wonders were their  abode built in cliffs, and water adequate.

17.     Chaco Canyo - A major settlement area of northwest New Mexico used from 850-1100 by the Anasazi.

18.     Kivas- Are circular ceremonial rooms.

19.     Pueblos- The Spanish word for villages. 

20.     Adena- A civilization that started about the same time as the Olmec but they started in the Northwest on the coast. These group in the woodlands did woodart and fished a lot, and they buried their dead. They thrived between 1000 B.C. to 200 A.D. 

21.     Hopewell-  Located in Ohio, and they were known for their earthworks. Thrived between 200 B.C. to 400 A.D.

22.     Mississippian- From 700-1300A.D. this civilization thrived. These people lived along the Mississippi River and they built the city of Cahokia.

23.     Cahokia - The major city built by the Mississippian civilization. This city was built in 1050-1250 and was home to 16,00 people. The city declined circa 1300.

24.     Kachina- Are good spirits that were believed in by the natives in the southwest.

25.     Algonquian- One of the language groups of the people of the Northeast.

26.     Iroquoian- One of the two big language groups of the people of the Northeast.

27.     Slash-and-burn Agriculture- The people of the Northeast like the Algonquian and Iroquoian who cut down parts of forest and then burn the rest and then they mixed the ashes that are nitrogen rich into the soil to make great fertilizer.

28.     Longhouses- Were homes to many families that were used by the Northeast Indians and were barrel-shaped roofs were covered in bark.

29.     Wigwams- These homes were conical or dome-shaped and were made suing bent poles that were covered with hides or bark.

30.     Kinship groups- Where the Iroquois extended families that were lead by the elder women of each clan.

31.     Iroquois League- This league was made up of the five nations of the Iroquois. Was made by Dekanawidah, and Hiawatha.

32.     Dekanawidah- One of the important leaders who made helped in creating the Iroquois League. He was a local elder or religious shaman.

33.     Hiawatha- One of the local chiefs who helped in creating the Iroquois League. 

34.     Sahara- The Arabian word for desert. A huge (world’s largest) desert.

35.     Savannah- The land on the edge of the Sahara, that is more hospitable landscape.

36.     Islam- A religious group first made up of Arabian traders who traders great distances to trade their resources and spread their religious beliefs while doing this.

37.     Muslims- By 711 Islam began spreading their ideas and gaining more followers in Africa and so the followers became Muslims.

38.     Ghana- The earliest empire to emerge in this area of the world. Started around 400A.D. mined gold and salt and controlled the regions trade of these resources. The people of this empire were called the Soninke.

39.     Soninke- The people who made up the Ghana empire.

40.     Mosques- A place of worship of the Islam religion.

41.     Mali- The second empire to arise in this area of the Africa, and their people were called the Malinke, and were ruled by Mansa.

42.     Songhai- A third empire to arise in Africa that was run by the Sorko people and it started in the 8^th century and lasted unit 1591 when the Moroccans came in with guns. Captured the city of Timbuktu.

43.     Sorko- The people of the Songhai empire.

44.     Sonni Ali- The powerful leader of the Songhai empire who with his army captured the great city of Timbuktu.

45.     Askiya Muhammad- The son of Sonni Ali was dethroned by this man, came to power and mad Timbuktu into a great city of knowledge.

46.     Yoruba- One of the group of people of the forest kingdoms area of Guinea.

47.     Edo- Another one of the two groups of people that made up the forest kingdoms of the Guinea.

48.     Oba Ewuare- A Benin leader who in the mid -1400s built a major army and conquered many lands to make the great Benin empire.

49.     Matrilineal- Tracking, one’s heritage through women not men.

50.     Feudalism- A system used after the fall of the Roman Empire, in which loyalty was given in terms of military service to the lord for the use of some of this land. In this the people, serfs were bond to the manor and trade, literature and communication crippled to a almost halt due to this system causing the dark age to arise.

51.     Roman Empire- The first empire, and a great empire. Creating a vast empire surrounding the entire Mediterranean Sea and spanning most of Europe and more. This empire lasted for a thousand years and was the first people to have a Republic Government. When this empire collapsed in the late 4^th to mid 5^th century all of its lands went backwards for centuries.

52.     Manorialism- The relationship between the nobles and the peasants, during the age of Feudalism.

53.     Serfs- The people who were the labor class people of the age of feudalism. These people were boned the land and never really left their master’s manor.

54.     Renaissance- A rebirth of the culture of Greek and Roman Empires. This word comes from the French language meaning rebirth. This took place in Florence Italy starting circa 1350 A.D. and lasting until 1600A.D.

55.     Astrolabe- A navigation tool used in sailing the seas that came from the ancient Greek people and was then refined by the Arab navigators.

56.     Lateen Sails- Sails that were triangle-shaped that were perfected by the Arab traders. These sails were used to design the caravels in the end.

57.     Caravel- In the 1400s Portuguese started to make these ships that could go against the wind and with the wind due to many but normal three latten sails. They were used to explore for the route to Asia. 

58.     Henry de Navigator- The Prince of Portugal in 1419 set up a school of astronomy and geography, at Sagres.

59.     Bartolomeu Dias- First man to reach the tip of Africa. From Portugal and did it in 1488.

60.     Vasco de Gama- In 1497, this Portuguese man arrived in India making him the first man to travel from Europe to India by see.

61.     Longboats- The boats that were used by the Norse aka the Vikings to travel on water. By using these the Vikings traveled and attacked all through Europe for centuries. They also found Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland.

62.     Leif Ericsson- A Viking explorer who in circa 1000 A.D. with 35 explorers found the land in North America of Newfoundland. So they were the first Europeans to arrive in the Americas.

63.     Christopher Columbus- A Italian man from the city of Genoa sailed for Spain in 1492 and landed first in the Bahamas. Due to him the Spainish quickly started colonizing and exploring the Americas. Were not the first Europeans to arrive in the Americas, but the first Europeans to arrive in the Bahamas.

64.     Claudius Ptolemy- A Greek-educated Egyptian geographer who in the second century who came up with the 360 degrees and longitude and latitude.

65.     King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella- The rulers of Spain who, funded the explorations of Columbus in his search for a route to Asia. Then when Columbus found the Americas.

66.     Watling Island- 

67.     Santo Domingo- The first Spainish capital settled by Bartholomew.

68.     Treaty of Tordesillas- This treaty settled the disputes over land between the Spainish and the Portuguese, on the land claims of the Americas. They got the Pope to make line of demarcation.

69.     Line of Demarcation- The line that Pope Alexander VI that settled the land dispute between the Spainish and Portuguese by giving all but most of today Brazil to Spain and Brazil to Portugal.

70.     Amerigo Vespucci- An Italian, who explored for the Spainish and the Portuguese and wrote about the Americas and then a German scholar used his last name to create the name of America in honor of the explorer as the name for the Americas.

71.     Juan Ponce de Leon- A Spainish explorer who searched in Florida for the fountain of youth. He failed to find what he was looking for. But he fount the land to be filled with flowers and so he named it Florida.

72.     Vasco de Balboa- A Spanish explorer was the first one to see the Pacific Ocean. He named it Pacific for it being peaceful. 

73.     Ferdinand Magellan- A man who was the captain of the crew who circumnavigate the globe. But he did not for he did in the Philippines. They left in 1520 and returned in 1522. 

74.     Circumnavigate- To grow all the way around the world.

75.     Columbian Exchange- The exchange of materials and knowledge between the two worlds of Europe and the Americas. Some of the things that were in the exchange were corn, squash, pumpkins, beans, tobacco, to Europe. To the Americas came diseases like Small Poxes and Christianity, and horses.

76.     Chapter 2 Voc.  

77.     Hernan Cortez- A Spainish explorer he left his colony of Cuba and headed to the continent at the location of Mesoamerica and he and his men found and conquered the Aztec.

78.     Diego Velazquez- The man to led Spainish troops that had conquered the island of Cube in 1511.

79.     Malinche- Was one of the twenty women who had been given to Cortez and his men after the battle when he landed.  This women married him and became one of his leading advisors.  After the marriage her name became Dona Marina.

80.     Quetzalcoatl- The god that the Aztec believed was Cortzes because the legend was coming true in all aspects for them. For example white skin, with beard, came from the east, hated sacrifices. The Aztec’s belief in this god helped the greatest in their downfall.

81.     Conquistadors- After Cortzes, the Spainish explorers became known as this meaning conquerors. 

82.     Francisco Pizarro- The conquistador that went to South America and found the Incas. He then came in with force. Tired to convert the ruler, but he rejected. So he kidnapped the ruler and said he would trade him for treasure. As soon as he got some he wanted more and then in the end killed the ruler and planted puppet rulers and conquered the Incas totally.

83.     Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca- This man took over the expedition when the leader Panfilo de Narvaez died in the search for the cities of gold in Florida. He lead wondered around for years before they finally made it to New Mexico in New Spain.

84.     Francisco Vasquez de Coronado- He lead a expedition to the what is present day Colorado and found nothing of real good use.

85.     Hernando de Soto- This man led the expedition that explored the areas above Florida in the modern stares of North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Arkansas and Texas.

86.     Presidios- Spainish forts that were built for the protection of the Spainish settlers.

87.     Junipero Serra- The religious man who took control of the missionaries in California, from San Diego to San Francisco.

88.     El Camino Real- Spainish for the Royal Highway. This was the road that linked all the missionaries in the California area.

89.     Hidalgos- These are the working-class people of the Americas Spainish colonies. They make up the majority of the population of the people in the Americas under the Spainish rule.

90.     Encomienda- These system work in the way like the Feudalism did in a way. For example the troops that were with Cortzes each got control over a village or a few villages due to their military services.

91.     Peninsulares- These were the people who were born in Spain but moved to the colonies. They held the highest positions in the colonies.

92.       Criollos- These are the people who are born in the Americas and both their parents are from Spain. They do get pretty high level positions in the colonial life. But not the highest.

93.     Mestizos- These were the people who made the lower level and they were the mixed Spanish and Native American parentage.

94.     Council of the Indies- The Spanish created this so that they could  have a group of advisories to watch over all the colonies actives for the king.

95.     Haciendas- Huge Spanish ranches of cattle,  that were run by vaqueros and feed the miners of the silver mines.

96.     Vaqueros- The workers on the haciendas.

97.     Northwest Passage- The passage the Europeans were looking for to Asia when they were searching for this they found the Americas.

98.     Giovanni da Verrazano- An explorer sent to explore the Americas in 1524 by King Francis I de France.

99.     Jacques Cartier- Another explorer sent explore the Americas and was sent by the French.

100.   Samuel de Champlain- Merchants helping the French hired this man who helped them, and he helped establish Acadia (Nova Scotia), and the capital of New France Quebec.

101.  New France- The place that was colonized by the French. 

102.  Coureur de bois- These where the French fur traders that translated means “runners of the woods.”

103.  Louis Joliet- One of the people who found the Mississippi River.

104.  Marquette- The Jesuit priest who was one of the men who found the Mississippi River.

105.   La Salle- The French man (Rene-Robert Cavelier de La Salle) who sailed down the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico.

106.  John Cabot- A man from Italy sailed for England went to explore England. There he landed in Nova Scotia.

107.   Reformation- The changing of the Catholic church to meet the changes needed to keep the religion alive. Such as stopping the selling of indulgences.

108.   Martin Luther- The German religious man who was from Wittenburg who in October, 1517 nailed his 95 thesis to the door the church of Wittenburg and started the reformation. Was excommunicated in 1520.

109.  Protestant Reformation- The change in Europe in which Martin Luther started this change and due to it he started the Church of Lutheran.

110.   John Calvin- The religious, changes that caused the new religion in Europe and started the Calvinist.

111.   Anglican  Church- This took place of the Catholic Church when King Henry VIII of England, changed the nation’s religious so that he could divorce his wife Catharine de Argon.

112.   Puritans-  The people who wanted to completely get rid of all the Catholic traditions and be their own church of so they wanted to purify the Anglican Church and by that they got their name.

113.  Queen Elizabeth- The daughter of King Henry VII, and the following ruler. She ruled for the longest ruler ever in English history. She was the one who allowed Sir Drake to attack Spainish, she ruled when they the English defeated the Spainish Armada attack of 1588.

114.   Joint-Stock Companies-  In the 1500’s much of England’s land was started to herd sheep for wool. So they the nobles got rid of the tenets.  So for everyone interested to get in on some of the wealth of the wool, people pooled their money to own stock in companies selling wool and wool products.

115.   Enclosure Movement- The movement when in the 1500’s England increased  the interest in wool, causing the nobles to get rid of the tenants and by doing that increasing their wool production. But making thousands homeless.

116.  Privateers- Privately, owned ships that were used to attack other nations ships. First used by the British. The first really important one was owned and run by Sir Drake. He operated under the rule of Queen Elizabeth I.

117.   Walter Raleigh- The man that went from England to settle the colony of Roanoke.

118.  Roanoke- The British colony in Virginia that was settled by Walter Raleigh. The strange thing about this colony is that when the colony’s governor John White went to get supplies in England. He got held up due to the Spanish attacking.   When he did return all he found was the colony but no people and the letters CRO carved in the wood.

119.   Virginia Company- These company got a charter from King James I of England and settled the area of Virginia. They settled the colony of Jamestown.

120.   Jamestown- A British colony, that was run by the Virginia Company. Was the first British colony in North America.

121.   John Smith- A  British colonist who with the aid of Powhatan helped save the colonist of Jamestown. 

122.   Powhatan- The local chief of a Powhatan village, and he helped John Smith saved the British colony of Jamestown.

123.   Powhatan Confederacy-  A group of local Native Americans who made an alliance group. They allied due the Powhatan a local chief. These people traded with the British at Jamestown.

124.   John Rolfe- A British colonist at Jamestown who in the experimented with tobacco seeds from Trinidad and succeed and grew 1,180 kg of tobacco and sent it off to England. King James had already commend the plant.

125.   Burgesses- The first representatives of the colonies under British ruler. These representatives made up the House of Burgesses.

126.   Headrights- People who owned stock in the Viriginia Company or paid their way to America, got 50 acres in the Americas. All family members expect those under the age of 15.

127.   Proprietary Colony-  In this kind of colony it is not owned by the monarchy of a country, and so the owner can do whatever he wishes to do. This was the case for the colony of Maryland under the ownership of Baltimore.

128.   Lord Baltimore- This was a important religious man who wanted religious freedom so he got the land of Maryland for him and his followers.

129.   Separatists- This religious group, broke off from the Anglican Church and wanted their own religious freedom. So they fled to Holland and then returned to England to leave on the Mayflower to head to the new world for their freedom.

130.   Pilgrims- The separatists that  left England and settled in Holland, were these people.

131.   William Bradford- One of the Plymouth colony  leader.

132.   John Winthrop-  A wealthy man he got Massachusetts Bay Company charter that gave him to settled Massachusetts.

133.   Massachusetts Bay Company-  A company that was gotten by Winthrop and it was a colony in America at the modern area of Massachusetts,  and it was for religious freedom, for the Puritans.

134.   Great Migration- The move of puritans from England when the wool industry failed leaving for the Massachusetts colony.

135.   General Court- This was the government body that made the laws and elected governor members for the colony Massachusetts.

136.   Heretics- Someone who’s beliefs are different from the majority of the people around them.

137.   Roger Williams- A religious man, who to get his religious freedom ended up founded the colony of Providence.

138.   Anne Hutchinson- A religious women who was exiled for heretics from the Massachusetts and then set out and found her own settlement for religious freedom at, Pocasset later known as Portsmouth.

139.   Thomas Hooker-  A religious man in 1638, who wanted to move his congregation  to make room for their cattle, and for his own reasons. He and his colonist found Hartford.

140.  Fundamental Orders of Connecticut- The constitution that was adopted by the towns of Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield in 1637.

141.   King Philip’s War- The war was started when, two colonist from Jamestown was murder and the blame went to three Wampanoag warriors who were killed by the British, in 1675. Then the Wampanoag attacked back at Swansea. The name of the war came from the Native American chief Metacomet who was called King Philip by the Europeans.

142.   Metacomet- The chief of the Wampanoag Indians. The King Philip’s War was named after him because the Europeans called him King Philip, and what history shows his warriors were the cause for the effect of the war.

143.   English Civil War- This war started in 1642 when King Charles I sent troops to arrest Puritan government officials. So started the war. Parliament vs. Monarchy. Ended with Charles he cut off and Oliver Cromwell making a dictatorship.

144.   Oliver Cromwell- The military man who fought for the Roundheads and defeated King Charles I, and made a military dictatorship and dissolved the Parliament in 1644.

145.   Maryland Toleration Act- This act was signed in 1649, and it gave religious freedom to people. So all religions of Christians were tolerated and by that. This protected the Catholic minority who owned all the land and power basically but where outnumbered.

146.   Restoration- The period of time when Oliver Cromwell died and the Parliament, restored the monarchy with King Charles’ son Charles II.

147.   William Penn- A powerful Quaker, who aided the king in the civil war and had to be paid back. But he died before being paid back, and so his son asked the king for a colony. It was granted and he found Pennsylvania. 

148.   Pacificism- It is a religious belief of opposition to war or violence as a means to settle disputes.

149.   Quakers- People who believed that everyone had their own “inner light” from God.

150.   Holy Experiment- Penn made the colony of Pennsylvania, religious freedom, and then sign a peace treaty with the Shackamaxon, and then made the constitution or “frame of government”.