Adam Taylor

                                                                                                                                Per. 3 AP US History

                                                                                                                                7-11-04

                                                                                                                                Chapter 2 Section 1 Outline

The Spanish and French Build Empires

I. The Conquest of Mexico

                A. Hernan Cortes heads for the Spainish Indies at age 19.

                B. The Spainish Encounter the Aztec

                                1. In 1511 Diego Velazquez conquered some villages in Cuba and gave some to Cortes.

                                                A. After an outbreak of smallpox Cortes goes to the Yucatan Peninsula to find                                                      workers. 

                                                B. He had 11 ships, 550 men, and 16 horses.

                C. The Invasion Begins

                                1. Upon landing Cortes found shipwrecked Jeronimo de Aguilar who act as translator                                              with the locals and Spainish.

                                2. The local people attacked with thousands but stopped after Cortes killed 200 warriors.

                                                A. So the locals gave them 20 women to end the fight.

                                                B. They would be the new translators.

                                                                1. The most important one was Malinche.

                                                                                A. She was baptized and named Dona Maria and became a                                                                                                     close adviser to Cortes. 

                                                C. Cortes learned about the enemy of the Aztec the Tlaxcalan to the north and                                                                    wanted to meet them to ally.  

                                                D. The ruler of the Aztec, Montezuma thought that Cortes could be their god                                                                     Quetzalcoatl, so he is afraid to attack him.

                                                E. Then the Spainish and Tlaxcalan forces attacked Cholula.

                                                F. On November 8, 1519 Cortes entered peacefully the capital Tenochtitlan.

                D. Turning Point : Cortes Defeats the Aztec

                                1. The city on the island in the middle of a lake that was larger than most European cities,                                         and had a huge central plaza. 

                                                A. In the plaza was a tzompantli, which is a huge display rack that hold                                                                            thousands of human skulls, protected by priests with hair matted with dried                                                                     human blood. 

                                2. Once in the city Cortes kidnapped Montezuma and started a rioting uproar rebellion                                        that the priest caused when Cortes tried to make them Catholic.

                                                A. This battle happened in spring 1520 and was called Noche Triste, meaning                                                                      Sad Night.                    

                                                                1. Circa 450 Spaniards died, and 4,000 Aztecs died.

                                                B. In May 1521 Cortes attacked the capital again by water.

II. New Spain Expands

                1. The Aztecs old capital the Spainish built their new capital Mexico on the ruins of the new                         colony of New Spain, and the new explorers were called conquistadors.

                                A. Pizarro Conquers the Inca

                                                1. Francisco Pizarro started exploring South America.

                                                2. In 1526 he landed in Peru.

                                                3. He returned in 1531 with a armed force.

                                                4. Spring of 1532 learned about Atahualpa.

                                                5. Well he set up a meeting and when he meet them  he gave the ruler a Bible but                                        he threw it to the ground.

                                                                A. For doing that Pizarro attacked and kidnapped the ruler. 

                                                                B. Less than a year later Atahualpa was killed and a new puppet ruler.

                                B. Searching for Cities of Gold

                                                1. In 1528 Panfilo de Navaez, looked for fabled city of gold in Florida.

                                                                A. Navaez died at in the trip.

                                                                B. The survivors lead by Alvar Nunez Cabeza da Vaca until the reached                                                                     New Spain in 1536.   

                                                2. In 1540 the Spainish launched a large group of explores to search for the                                                      rumor Seven Cites of Gold of Cibola.

                                                                A. Lead by Francisco Vasquez de Coronado.

                                                                                1. Searched for months they found nothing. 

                                                3. Once again the Spainish tried again in the Southeast and was lead by                                                                               Hernando de Soto.

                                                                A. Hernando died and was buried in the Mississippi.

                                C. The Spanish Settle the Southwest

                                                1. In 1598 settlers led by Juan de Onate.

                                                                A. Since it was so hard for the settlers to get to their destination they                                                                        had a feast called the “Spanish Thanksgiving”.   

                                                                B. They named the new land called New Mexico.

                                                                                1. They capital was Santa Fe was built in 1609 or 1610.

                                                                                                A. They built presidios or forts all through the region.

                                                                                2. The new way of colonizing was missionaries.

                                                                                                A. Led by Junipero Serra he controlled California.

                                                                                                B. The roadway was called El Camio Real meaning                                                                                                             the Royal Highway. 

                                                                                                C. These priests would whip and beat the Natives to                                                                                                                    try and convert them.

                                                                                                D. Then a Native American religious leader named                                                                                                         the Popé lead a riot against the Spainish priest.

                                                                                                                1. It took a decade for the Spainish to regain                                                                                                                                     control of the region. 

III. Spainish American Society

                1. Hidalgos, or working-class trades people.

                                A. The Encomienda System

                                                1. As reward for their work a person was made the ruler of Native American                                                                  Villages.

                                                2. The villagers paid their encomendero a share of the products they harvested or                                              production.

                                B. A Society Based on Class

                                                1. Peninsulares were people born in Spain who where at the highest level of                                                       power, in the colonies. 

                                                2. Below the Peninsulares were the criollos who the people who were born in the                                              colonies, wealthy and high colonial position. 

                                                3. Mestizos, were the mixed Spanish and Native American parentage, and this                                                             was the majority of the population of the colonies.

                                                4. The Council of the Indies advised the king on how the king on the affairs of                                                                     the Native Americans and the colonies.

                                C. Mining and Ranching

                                                1. The Spainish used the Native Americans to mine their silver mines that where                                                         found in 1540.

                                                2. The mines were normal located in area where there was large cattle herding,                                                                     which feed the miners.

                                                                A. These ranches called haciendas and they where huge.

                                                                                1. The people who worked these ranches were called vaqueros.

IV. The French Empire in America

                1. King Francis I de France sent Giovanni da Verrazano to search for the Northwest Passage.

                2. Ten years later King Francis sent Jacues Cartier to North America.

                                A. France Explores America

                                                1. Cartier mapped the St. Lawrence River.

                                B. New France is Founded

                                                1. French started fishing near North America in the 1500s.

                                                2. Then in the 1600s fur became very big.

                                                                A. So King Henry IV gave permission for colonies in North America                                                                           for the fur trade.

                                                                B. Samuel de Champlain helped colonized.

                                                                                1. In 1605 he established a colony in Acadia (Nova Scotia).

                                                                                2. In 1608 he established the city of Quebec, which became the                                                                                     capital of New France.

                                C. Life in New France

                                                1. Most of the people in French colonies where fur trappers, and they were called                                       coururs de bois, meaning runners of the woods.

                                                2. Then the Jesuits arrived trying to convert the Native Americans and were                                                                     nicknamed the Black Robes by the locals.

V. New France Expands

                1. In 1663, King Louis XIV made New France a Royal Colony.

                                a. There were settlers sent to the colony and special deals were made to increase the                                               population of the colonies.

                                b. In 1670s the pop was circa 7,000 and by 1760 it was over 60,000.

                                A. Exploring the Mississippi

                                                1. In 1673 fur trader Louis Joliet and Jesuit priest named Jacques Marquette set                                                           off to search for the big waterway the Algonquian people knew of.

                                                2. In 1682, Rene-Robert Cavelier de La Salle followed the Mississippi all the                                                              way to the Gulf of Mexico.

                                                                A. He claimed the region for France and name the land after King Louis                                                           XIV, Louisiana.

                                B. Geography: Settling Louisiana

                                                1.  Count Frontenac, governor of New France sent the fur  down the river and                                                                     out the Gulf.  

                                                                A. The lower part of the river was difficult though.

                                                                                1. So in 1698 Lord d’Iberville founded Biloxi.

                                                                B. In the upper part the French made forts.

                                                                C. Then the French started settling lower Louisiana.  

                                                                                1. They planted sugar, rice, tobacco, indigo.

                                                                                                A. They needed hard work.

                                                                                                B. This is where slaves came in.

                                C. Rivalry With Spain

                                                1. The Spanish settled in Florida to claim it  at the settlement of St. Augustine, in                                                 1565.

                                                2. Then 1716, the Spainish settlers arrived in eastern Texas.

                                                3. The Spainish focused in the Southwest, the French in along the Mississippi                                                               River, and England along the narrow strip of the Atlantic Ocean.